Diagnosis and Control of Bovine Leptospirosis
نویسنده
چکیده
General Introduction Leptospirosis is an economically important zoonotic bacterial infection of livestock that causes abortions, stillbirths, infertility, and loss of milk production. The disease occurs worldwide and is caused by infection with the spirochete Leptospira. The pathogenic leptospires were formerly classified as members of the species Leptospira interrogans; the genus has recently been reorganized and pathogenic leptospires are now identified in 7 species of Leptospira. Leptospiral serovars are recognized and approximately 200 different serovars of pathogenic Leptospira have been identified throughout the world. Serovars are identified based on antigens on the surface of the organisms. In particular regions, different leptospiral serovars are prevalent and are associated with one or more maintenance host(s), which serve as reservoirs of infection (Table 1). Maintenance hosts are often wildlife species and, sometimes, domestic animals and livestock. Transmission of the infection among maintenance hosts is efficient and the incidence of infection is relatively high. Incidental hosts are not important reservoirs of infection and the incidence of transmission is low. Transmission of the infection from one incidental host to another is relatively uncommon. Transmission of the infections among maintenance hosts is often direct and involves contact with infected urine, placental fluids, or milk. In addition, the infection can be transmitted venereally or transplacentally. Infection of incidental hosts is more commonly indirect, by contact with areas contaminated with urine of maintenance hosts. Environmental conditions are critical in determining the frequency of indirect transmission. Survival of leptospires is favored by moisture and warm temperatures and under these conditions the organism may persist for days to weeks outside of the animal; survival is brief in dry soil or at freezing or sweltering temperatures. Therefore, leptospirosis occurs most commonly in the spring, autumn, and early winter in temperate climates.
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تاریخ انتشار 2003